What is similar to TNT?
Working with Jesse Sabatini and colleagues at Aberdeen, they developed a 24-atom molecule that’s packed with nitrogen, and has increased performance 1.5 times greater than TNT. The full chemical name is bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene)dinitrate.
How powerful is C4 compared to TNT?
C4 explosives have more complete destructive power compared to TNT and the number of effective explosives required to destroy the concrete with the strength of fc = 229.31 kg / cm2 is 122 g.
What is the explosive force of TNT?
One of the most popular explosive compounds is TNT (trinitrotoluene). The energy released in an explosion of 1 gram of TNT is approximately 4000 Joules. It is common to measure the power of an explosion by asking how much TNT would be needed to produce an explosion as powerful.
Is TNT or dynamite more powerful?
It’s the small explosion of the blasting cap that is required to cause the nitroglycerin to explode. You may see some explosives labeled “TNT” that look like dynamite. TNT stands for trinitrotoluene, which is also an explosive but quite different from dynamite. Dynamite is actually much more powerful than TNT.
What is the strongest non nuclear bomb?
MOABThe bomb is reportedly similar to the US military’s GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast which is often unofficially called “Mother of All Bombs” derived from its official military acronym “MOAB”. This weapon would therefore be the most powerful conventional (non-nuclear) weapon in the world.
What is in Semtex?
One of the well-known ternary PBXs, still from the period of Vietnam War, is Semtex 1H from the assortment of the Czech company Explosia. It is a high performance plastic explosive containing a mixture of RDX and PETN bonded by plasticized SBR rubber [25].
Why is TNT so unstable?
TNT is explosive for two reasons: TNT is composed of the elements carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. When TNT explodes it forms several covalent gases: CO, CO2 and N2 that are very stable. The production of these very low energy (stable) bonds means that a great deal of energy is released.
How much TNT is equivalent to a hydrogen bomb?
The explosive yield of atomic bombs is measured in kilotons, each unit of which equals the explosive force of 1,000 tons of TNT. The explosive power of hydrogen bombs, by contrast, is frequently expressed in megatons, each unit of which equals the explosive force of 1,000,000 tons of TNT.
How much TNT is in a grenade?
Offensive hand grenades provide blast effects. They are of cylindrical shape and are loaded with approximately one-half pound of flaked TNT.
What is the most powerful explosive?
Nitroglycerine, discovered in 1846, still remains the most powerful explosive in practical use. Many useful advances have been and are being made, but new explosives are merely new mixtures of old materials, given fancy names.
What is the most powerful chemical explosive?
Azidoazide azideAzidoazide azide is the most explosive chemical compound ever created. It is part of a class of chemicals known as high-nitrogen energetic materials, and it gets its “bang” from the 14 nitrogen atoms that compose it in a loosely bound state.
Is TNT the same as nitroglycerin?
Dynamite is indeed an explosive with several components assembled together. But TNT (or 2,4,6,-trinitrotoluene, to use its chemical name) is not one of those components. Instead, the active explosive in dynamite is a chemical called nitroglycerin.
How much damage can 1 kg of TNT do?
Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle. The energy to burn 1 kilogram of wood. The approximate radiant heat energy released during 3-phase, 600 V, 100 kA arcing fault in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m (20 in × 20 in × 20 in) compartment within a 1-second period.
How much TNT is in a grenade?
Offensive hand grenades provide blast effects. They are of cylindrical shape and are loaded with approximately one-half pound of flaked TNT.
What is the most powerful explosive in the world?
HMX is the most powerful high explosive produced in industrial quantities today. It is a relatively insensitive, temperature-stable and safe-to-handle high explosive that makes it useful in a variety of applications both in military and civilian end products.
How many tons of TNT is a nuke?
The Nature of an Atomic Explosion. The most striking difference between the explosion of an atomic bomb and that of an ordinary T.N.T. bomb is of course in magnitude; as the President announced after the Hiroshima attack, the explosive energy of each of the atomic bombs was equivalent to about 20,000 tons of T.N.T.
How tall is a kiloton of TNT?
A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.8 ft) on a side.
What is the heat output of a gram of TNT?
The measured, pure heat output of a gram of TNT is only 2724 J, but this is not the important value for explosive blast effect calculations.
How much TNT was used in the Coptic Church explosion?
Amount of TNT used (12 kg) in Coptic church explosion in Cairo, Egypt on December 11, 2016 that left 25 dead
How much energy does a gram of TNT release?
A gram of TNT releases 2673–6702 J ( joules) upon explosion. The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184 J, which is exactly one kilocalorie.
How much TNT does a Tomahawk bomb have?
The yield of a Tomahawk cruise missile is equivalent to 500 kg of TNT, or approximately 0.5 tons.
What is the meaning of kiloton and megaton?
The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties, and has been used to characterize the energy released in such other highly destructive events as an asteroid impact.
What is the TNT equivalency model?
The TNT equivalency model is based on the assumption of equivalence between the flammable material and TNT, factored by an etq>losion dency term … [Pg.134]
What method does TNT use?
The company uses the TNT equivalence method for screening purposes and the Baker-Strehlow methodology to model blast effects for more in-depth studies. The hazard classifications are as follows … [Pg.118]
What is the complicating factor in the use of a TNT blast model for vapor cloud explosion blast modeling?
One of the complicating factors in the use of a TNT-blast model for vapor cloud explosion blast modeling is the effect of distance on the TNT equivalency observed in actual incidents. Properly speaking, TNT blast characteristics do not correspond with gas explosion blast. That is, far-field gas explosion blast effects must be represented by much heavier TNT charges than intermediate distances. [Pg.121]
What is the largest potential error with the TNT equivalency model?
The largest potential error with the TNT equivalency model is the choice of an explosion efficiency. One needs to ensute that the yield corresponds with the correct mass of fuel. An efficiency range of 1-10% affects predicted distances to… [Pg.151]
What is Figure 10.38?
Figure 10.38 shows several of the preceding calculations comparing models and different situations of confinement. Whilst the latter cannot be accounted for by the TNT equivalent model, judging the degree of confinement introduces a subjective element into the treatment with the TNO and BST models. The curves show that this judgment can considerably influence the results, particularly in the near field. [Pg.550]
How big can a CDC T-10 handle?
The CDC T-10 model tested in Belgium can treat complete chemical munitions up to 105-mm in diameter. A larger mobile unit (TC-25) was tested extensively at Porton Down, England (Blades et al., 2004) (see Figure 4-1). A still larger unit (TC-60) with an explosive capacity of 60 pounds of TNT-equivalent is now available (Bixler, 2005). It can handle munitions over 200 mm in diameter, according to the manufacturer. Table 4-1 provides the dimensions of the pressure chambers for the three CDC models. [Pg.50]
Is TNT a good model for gas explosions?
TNT blast is, however, a poor model for a gas explosion blast. In particular, the shape and positive-phase duration of blast waves induced by gas explosions are poorly represented by TNT blast. Nevertheless, TNT- equivalency methods are satisfactory, so long as far-field damage potential is the major concern. [Pg.136]
What is TNT equivalency?
Conventional TNT-equivalency methods state a proportional relationship between the total quantity of flammable material released or present in the cloud (whether or not mixed within flammability limits) and an equivalent weight of TNT expressing the cloud s explosive power. The value of the proportionality factor —called TNT equivalency, yield factor, or efficiency factor —is directly deduced from damage patterns observed in a large number of major vapor cloud explosion incidents. Over the years, many authorities and companies have developed their own practices for estimating the quantity of flammable material in a cloud, as well as for prescribing values for equivalency, or yield factor. Hence, a survey of the literature reveals a variety of methods. [Pg.249]
How are overpressure effects produced by vapor cloud explosions determined?
On the basis of an extended experimental program described in Section 4.1.3, Harris and Wickens (1989) concluded that overpressure effects produced by vapor cloud explosions are largely determined by the combustion which develops only in the congested/obstructed areas in the cloud. For natural gas, these conclusions were used to develop an improved TNT-equivalency method for the prediction of vapor cloud explosion blast. This approach is no longer based on the entire mass of flammable material released, but on the mass of material that can be contained in stoichiometric proportions in any severely congested region of the cloud. [Pg.122]
What is the advantage of the TNT equivalency method?
The advantage to the TNT equivalency method is that it is easy to apply because the calculations are simple. [Pg.270]
What is the relationship shown in Figure 7.42?
The relationship shown in Figure 7.42 is the basis for assessing the behavior of pressure waves using the TNT equivalent method. The effect of an explosion of any explosive substance or the bursting of a gas- filled pressure vessel is estimated on the basis of the effect of an explosion of an equivalent TNT mass. For flammable gases and liquids the equivalent TNT mass is determined from Table 7.27. For gas- filled pressure vessels, the stored energy is first computed from the vessel s pressure and volume … [Pg.322]
How is explosive potential determined?
If conventional TNT-equivalency methods are applied, explosive potential is primarily determined by the amount of fuel present in a cloud, whether or not within flammability limits. The cloud center is the potential blast center and is determined by cloud drift. [Pg.248]
Is TNT a good model for gas explosions?
TNT blast is, however, a poor model for a gas explosion blast. In particular, the shape and positive-phase duration of blast waves induced by gas explosions are poorly represented by TNT blast. Nevertheless, TNT-equivalency methods are satisfactory, so long as far-field damage potential is the major concern. [Pg.136]
How much energy is in a TNT?
The ton (or tonne) of TNT equivalent is equal to 4.184 gigajoules (GJ) which is approximately the amount of energy released in the detonation of one ton of TNT explosive.
What was the TNT of the Soviet Union?
During the Cold War that followed World War II, the United States tested a nuclear weapon that had a TNT equivalent energy yield of 15 megatons (Mt) and the Soviet Union tested a nuclear weapon with a TNT equivalent energy yield of 50 megatons (Mt).
How many pounds is a ton?
↑ The “ton” usually refers to the “short ton” that is a U.S. customary unit equal to 2,000 pounds which, in turn, equals 0.907 tonne (the metric ton which is 1,000 kilograms ). In the context of using TNT equivalents, a ton is taken to be synonymous with a tonne and both are defined as being equal to 1,000 kilograms.
Abstract
The term “TNT Equivalence“ is used throughout the explosives and related industries to compare the effects of the output of a given explosive to that of TNT.
Citation Formats
Cooper, P W. Comments on TNT Equivalence. United States: N. p., 1994. Web.
How to change unit in TNT?
You can also go to the universal conversion page. Enter the value you want to convert (ton of TNT). Then click the Convert Me button . Your value gets instantly converted to all other units on the page.
What is natural unit?
In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement based only on universal physical constants. The origin of their definition comes only from properties of nature and not from any human construct.
How many significant digits are needed for rounded off numbers?
Do you want rounded off figures or scientifically precise ones? For everyday conversions we recommend choosing 3 or 4 significant digits. If you want maximum precision, set the number to 9
Could not find your unit?
Hope you have made all your conversions and enjoyed Convert-me.Com. Come visit us again soon!
Kiloton and Megaton
-
The “kiloton (of TNT)” is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules. The “megaton (of TNT)” is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules. The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control trea…
Historical Derivation of The Value
-
A gram of TNT releases 2673–6702 J (joules) upon explosion. The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184 J, which is exactly one kilocalorie. An explosive’s energy is normally expressed as the thermodynamic workproduced by its detonation, which for TNT has been accurately measured as 4686 J/g from a large sample o…
Conversion to Other Units
-
1 ton TNT equivalent is approximately: 1. 1.0×109 calories 2. 4.184×109 joules 3. 3.96831×106 British thermal units 4. 3.08802×109 foot pounds 5. 1.162×103 kilowatt hours
Relative Effectiveness Factor
-
The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor), relates an explosive’s demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive. This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blastin…
See Also
References
- Thompson, A.; Taylor, B.N. (July 2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication. 811. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Version 3.2.<temp…
- Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3
-
- Thompson, A.; Taylor, B.N. (July 2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication. 811. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Version 3.2.<temp…
- Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3
- Rhodes, Richard (2012). The Making of the Atomic Bomb (25th Anniversary ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-7761-4.<templatestyles src=”Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css”></templatestyles>
- Cooper, Paul W. (1996), Explosives Engineering, New York: Wiley-VCH, ISBN 0-471-18636-8<templatestyles src=”Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css”></templatestyles>
