The “functional equivalence” theory amended the previous “formal equivalence tends to emphasize fidelity to the language structure of the original language”. It holds that in translation, attention should be paid not only to the meaning and spirit of the language, but also to the form as much as possible, because form also has meaning.
What is functional equivalence theory of translation?
The “functional equivalence” theory amended the previous “formal equivalence tends to emphasize fidelity to the language structure of the original language”. It holds that in translation, attention should be paid not only to the meaning and spirit of the language, but also to the form as much as possible, because form also has meaning.
What is the purpose of functional equivalence?
Functional equivalence attempts to convey the meaning of the original text, even if it requires a bit of rewording in the target language. Functional equivalence prioritizes natural readability and comprehension in the target language rather than literal accuracy and strict fidelity to the wording of the original text.
How do equivalence theories interact with each other?
These equivalence theories closely interact with each other and cannot be isolated from one another. The present study is mainly based on Nida’s functional equivalence theory which establishes an “equivalent norm” at the functional level for dealing with non–equivalence translation problems.
What is Nida’s functional equivalence theory?
According to Nida’s functional equivalence theory, the relationship between the target language reader and the translated work should be substantially the same as that between the original work and source language readers and be faithful to it. The word “faithful” here actually refers to the equivalence result at a functional level.
What is functional equivalence example?
One example of functional equivalence is demonstrated in plant-pollinator relationships, whereby a certain plant species may evolve flower morphology that selects for pollination by a host of taxonomically-unrelated species to provide the same function (fruit production following pollination).
What is the equivalence theory?
In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein’s observation that the gravitational “force” as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in …
What is the difference between functional equivalence and descriptive equivalence?
Functional equivalent uses more neutral cultural words with a new specific term. This is the most accurate way to translate a cultural word. Example: pickpocket (English) is translated into tukang copet (Indonesian). Descriptive equivalent is the meaning of the cultural words explained in few words.
What are the two types of equivalence according to Nida?
Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence tries to remain as close to the original text as possible, without adding the translator` s ideas and thoughts into the translation.
What are the types of equivalence?
There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.…
What is the best principle of equivalence?
equivalence principle, fundamental law of physics that states that gravitational and inertial forces are of a similar nature and often indistinguishable.
What is descriptive equivalence?
In simply words, a descriptive equivalent consists in translating a source language/text word using a description of the concept it refers to in the target language. According to Peter Newmark, functional and descriptive equivalent are procedures that can be combined to understand better a term.
What are the different methods of translation?
What are the main techniques of translation?Borrowing. Borrowing is where words or expressions are taken directly from the source text and carried over into the target language. … Calque (loan translation) … Literal Translation. … Transposition. … Modulation. … Equivalence/Reformulation. … Adaptation. … Compensation.More items…•
What are the different types of translation procedures?
The translation procedures are borrowing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, amplification, reduction, and explicitation.
What is Nida translation theory?
In the translation, Nida believes that the most appropriate and natural equivalent language should be used to reproduce the meaning and spiritual style of the source text, that is, meaning is the first, followed by spiritual style.
What are the five types of equivalence according to Koller?
Koller actually proposes five frames for equivalence relations: denotative (based on extra-linguistic factors), connotative (based on way the source text is expressed), text-normative (respecting or changing textual and linguistic norms), pragmatic (with respect to the receiver of the target text) and formal (the …
What is the difference between formal and dynamic equivalence according to Nida?
Dynamic equivalence has been defined as a sense-for-sense translation while formal equivalence as word-for-word translation translating the meanings of terms and phrases in a more literal way while maintaining literal fidelity. Eugene Nida’s model can briefly be enclosed in these words/points.
Why is the equivalence principle important?
Einstein’s Equivalence Principle is crucial to Einstein’s theory of general relativity in that it states that mass is the same whether inertial or gravitational, and so these types of movement are not altered by mass.
What is the equivalence principle quizlet?
The equivalence principle says that no experiment performed inside a closed room can tell you whether you are at rest in the presence of gravity or accelerating in the absence of gravity.
What is the equivalence principle of the general theory of relativity?
In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein’s observation that the gravitational “force” is experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in …
Is the equivalence principle true?
If the room were on the Earth the two acceleration vectors shown will be pointing very very slightly towards each other. This does not mean that the Equivalence Principle is wrong; it means that the principle is only true for points in spacetime, not regions. In physics-speak, the Equivalence Principle is local.
What is functional equivalence?
The “function” in Nida’s “functional equivalence” refers to different pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and discourse, but with the same or similar expression function. This is the “reader’s response theory” frequently mentioned by Nida, that is, the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in potentially the same manner as the original readers did. The target readers can comprehend the spirit and meaning of the original author from the lines in the translated text. However, it should be noted that, general readers cannot response the same way in the original text and the translation at the same time, because most general readers cannot master both languages at the same time. Only those scholars who can understand the original text and appreciate the translated text can response the same way after reading. It can be seen that the translator plays an extremely important role as a bridge in translation. The translator’s knowledge, culture and professional qualification have an important influence on the translation quality of the work, and at the same time they also put forward high requirements for the translator.
What was the first influential theory put forward?
The first influential theory put forward was reflected in the Bible Good News Versio n. According to Nida’s guiding ideology, a “common language” that both ordinary people and high-level and high-culture intellectuals can understand and accept must be used in the translated text .
Who developed the theory of functional equivalence?
Functional equivalence theory is proposed by a distinguished American translation theorist Eugene A Nida (1914- ). In fact, it was called dynamic equivalence when Nida firstly mentioned it. This theory put forward because of Nida’s experiences in Bible translation. In Nida’s early years he took great interest in linguistics and Bible translation. And in 1943, he was employed by the American Bible Society (ABS). His main work in the ABS was to help missionary Bible translators, including counseling them the skills to translate better and providing them with a model of translation, etc. Later, to carry on his work on more solid basis, he began touring different countries, examining various aspects of languages and cultures, and helping missionary translators with different linguistic and translation problems. In these two decades years, new translations of Bible, conducted under Nida and his colleagues, have taken dynamic equivalence theory as their translation principle increasingly.
What is functional testing?
Meaning it makes sure that the SUT (System Under Test) or program physically works the way it is intended. Now that there is a basic understanding of what Functional Testing is by the definition provided above; How about going more In-depth on the topic. This paper will provide answers to questions that the writer had on the topic as well as to the overall importance of Functional Testing. Questions
What is functional equivalence theory?
Its primary focus on the readers’ responses has been a revolt against the old traditions that cared only about the text, both the original and the translated version. The functional equivalence has drawn the translators’ attention from the traditional static analysis of the translation criterion to a set of dynamic and open principles. For a time functional equivalence has been the golden principle in the Chinese translation circle. Anything that is not related to functional equivalence in translation is considered theoretically weak.
What is minimal functional equivalence?
A minimal functional equivalence is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it” [2]. Anything less than this degree of equivalence is unacceptable. A maximal functional equivalence is stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it inessentially the same manner as the original readers did” [2]. This high degree of language-culture correspondence is rarely achieved except for texts only involving
What is the purpose of information theory in translation?
Nida thought of translation as communicating through the transmission of information. In other words, translation is to transfer the information code of one language into that of another. When the receptor get the same amount of information form the translated text as original reader from the original text, it is said to have achieved functional equivalence. But the problem is that the information channel of the receptors of far narrower than that of the original reader, so some redundant information might be of help to make the translated text more understandable for the receptors. Sometimes it is necessary to alter the original forms so as to add the readability of the translated text.
Is functional equivalence text oriented?
Nevertheless, that is untrue. Fundamentally, Nida’s functional equivalence is still text-oriented. He held that while testing the adequacy of the translation it is essential to compare not only the texts of the two different languages, but also the responses of readers of the two languages. If there is much correspondence in their responses, functional equivalence is thought to be achieved. A quick glance at this may lead people to believe that this criterion is absolutely reader-oriented. But a closer look at Nida’s theory reveals that it is still text-oriented. This could be shown in Nida’s definition of translation. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” [4]. He claimed that “Translating must aim primarily at ‘reproducing the message’. To do anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator” [4]. In fact, the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message is another definition of functional equivalence. In a real sense, Nida seeks to achieve in the target language “the closest natural equivalent of the source- language message” [4]. So it is safe to say that his readers’ responses principle is still text-oriented though he also stresses the importance of readers’ responses. Whatever translation principle it might be, text must always be the prerequisite. Obviously, Nida’s “readers’ responses” principle is rather different from the readers-centered principle in reception aesthetics.
What is formal equivalence?
The so-called formal equivalence means that the message in the target language should be in accordance with the different parts in the original language.
Why is formal equivalence important?
In this way, it preserves untranslated idioms to preserve original information and depicts the essence of language.
Why is formal equivalence used in dynamic translation?
Formal equivalence is just like a goal instead of reality because one language may contain a word of the concept that has no equivalence in another language. Therefore, in dynamic translation, some buzzwords are created in the target language to represent some concepts. If the source language is entirely different from the target language, …
What is dynamic equivalence translation?
Dynamic Equivalence translation means to choose the translation which is closest to the original language on a natural basis. The so-called closest mainly in regards of the sense, and the translator focus more on the meaning and spirit of the original text, rather than rigidly adhere to the structure and form.
Why is the equivalent response in translation impossible?
This is because the equivalence response is based on the subjective judgment from the analyst and a translator. This criticism raised the question of whether Nida’s theory of translation is scientific or not.
What is the quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language?
In a word, “quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.”
Why is Edwin Gentzler’s 1993 work important?
Edwin Gentzler 1993 gives importance to its work because of its theological and persuading concept which is changing the receptors, despite its culture. Despite the criticism of these concepts, these approaches hold a prominent standing among translation scholars
Why is functional equivalence important?
Because functional equivalence approach eschews strict adherence to the grammatical structure of the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it is sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the original grammatical structure.
Why is formal equivalence more goal than reality?
Formal equivalence is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases, a more dynamic translation may be used or a neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language).
What is the difference between formal and dynamic equivalence?
Formal equivalence approach tends to emphasize fidelity to the lexical details and grammatical structure of the original language, whereas dynamic equivalence tends to employ a more natural rendering but with less literal accuracy.
What is the problem with the overlooked semantic differences between alleged equivalents in the source and target languages?
According to Ghil’ad Zuckermann, a major problem lies in the fact that there are completely overlooked semantic differences between a lexical item in the source language and its alleged equivalent in the target language.
What is dynamic equivalence?
According to Eugene Nida, dynamic equivalence, the term as he originally coined, is the “quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.”.
Who coined the term “dynamic equivalence”?
The terms dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, coined by Eugene Nida, are associated with two dissimilar translation approaches that are employed to achieve different levels of literalness between the source text and the target text, as evidenced in biblical translation.
What does the eleventh context mean?
In the eleventh context, the expression is used to talk about the devil in Islam. As a result, it can be concluded that no conclusive linguistic evidence has been found in the corpus to support the idea that native Hebrew speakers believe that some malakhím are higher in status than other malakhím.
What is Nida’s dynamic equivalence theory?
Nida’s dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of philologists who maintain that an understanding of the source text (ST) can be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i.e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence).
What is the term for the technique of splitting words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation?
Nida also developed the “componential-analysis” technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e.g. “bachelor” = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known.
What is D-E translation?
D-E on the other hand aims at complete “naturalness” of expression. A D-E translation is directed primarily towards equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form. The relationship between the target language receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original (source language) receptors and the message.
What is the meaning of F-E in translation?
F-E focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Such translations then would be concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Such a formal orientation that typifies this type of structural equivalence is called a “gloss translation” in which the translator aims at reproducing as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original.
What is Nida’s contribution to translation theory?
dissertation, A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major language according to the “immediate-constituent” theory. His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence.
