In ecology, functional equivalence (or functional redundancy) is the ecological phenomena that multiple species representing a variety of taxonomic groups can share similar, if not identical, roles in ecosystem functionality (e.g., nitrogen fixers, algae scrapers, scavengers). This phenomenon can apply to both plant and animal taxa.
What is the purpose of functional equivalence?
Functional equivalence attempts to convey the meaning of the original text, even if it requires a bit of rewording in the target language. Functional equivalence prioritizes natural readability and comprehension in the target language rather than literal accuracy and strict fidelity to the wording of the original text.
What is minimal functional equivalence in translation?
A minimal functional equivalence is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it” [2]. Anything less than this degree of equivalence is unacceptable.
What is a functional equivalent of a course?
Functional Equivalent means a course that is aligned to the state standards and is as rigorous as or more rigorous than a college- or career -preparatory course taken in high school. Final Supplement to the AB 32 Scoping Plan Functional Equivalent Document.
What is idiomaticity or functional equivalence?
Idiomaticity or Functional Equivlance. Functional equivalence, sometimes called dynamic equivalence or meaning based translation, is a translation method in which the translator attempts to reflect the thought of the writer in the source language rather than the words and forms.
What is functional equivalence?
In ecology, functional equivalence (or functional redundancy) is the ecological phenomena that multiple species representing a variety of taxonomic groups can share similar, if not identical, roles in ecosystem functionality (e.g., nitrogen fixers, algae scrapers, scavengers).
What is functional equivalence in psychology?
In perception the functional equivalence hypothesis is that imagery, which occurs without external stimulation of the sense organs, may be regarded as operating and functioning in the same way as perception.
What is functional equivalence training?
Functional equivalence training includes conducting a functional assessment of the problem behavior. Variables that predict and maintain the problem behavior are defined, and socially appropriate, functionally equivalent skills are identified and taught.
What is a dynamic equivalence translation of the Bible?
The terms dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, coined by Eugene Nida, are associated with two dissimilar translation approaches that are employed to achieve different levels of literalness between the source text and the target text, as evidenced in biblical translation.
What is functional equivalence in ABA?
The functionally equivalent replacement behavior (FERB) is a positive alternative that allows the student to obtain the same outcome that the challenging behavior provided; that is, the student is able to obtain or escape something in their environment in an appropriate, acceptable way.
What is conceptual equivalence?
Conceptual equivalence is hence defined as a construct having the same meaning across groups. It is also the first requirement prior to conducting any comparison.
Is FCT an antecedent strategy?
Functional Communication Training (FCT) is an evidence-based antecedent intervention used to select and teach a replacement alternative skill(s) that serves the same purpose as a problem behavior (Carr & Durand, 1985).
What type of differential reinforcement is FCT?
Functional communication training (FCT) is a differential reinforcement (DR) procedure in which an individual is taught an alternative response that results in the same class of reinforcement identified as maintaining problem behavior.
What is a more general term used to describe functional communication training?
Include an alternative appropriate behavior to achieve the function of the original problem behavior. What is a more general term used to describe functional communication training? Functional Equivalence Training.
What are the types of equivalence?
There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.…
Which Bible translations are formal equivalence?
The NASB is one of the most literal (formal equivalent) translations available. It was produced between 1959 and 1971 by 58 evangelical scholars from a variety of Bible denominations. It is based on the American Standard Version (1 901 ).
What are the two main approaches to Bible translation?
There are two basic methods by which the Scriptures are translated: Word for Word Translation (formal/complete equivalence) and Phrase for Phrase Translation (dynamic/functional equivalence).
What is transformational equivalence?
transformational equivalence. A principle of imagery that holds that imagined transformations and physical transformations exhibit corresponding dynamic characteristics and are governed by the same laws of motion.
What is perceptual equivalence?
In the first definition, perceptual equivalence requires that vision and touch function in a similar way, such that the same type and quantification of information can be derived from the feel and from the visual appearance of an object property.
What is spatial cognition psychology?
Spatial cognition is a branch of cognitive psychology that studies how people acquire and use knowledge about their environment to determine where they are, how to obtain resources, and how to find their way home.
What is cognitive specific imagery?
Cognitive Specific (CS) imagery refers to specific sport skills, such as, executing a perfect golf drive or a vault in gymnastics. Cognitive General (CG) imagery refers to competitive strategies.
What is functional equivalent?
Functional Equivalent means a course approved by the Wyoming Department of Education that addresses the same content standards and substantial components of a named course within the success curriculum. Functional Equivalent means a course that is aligned to the state standards and is as rigorous as or more rigorous than a college- …
What is therapeutic equivalent?
Therapeutic Equivalent means that a Covered Drug can be expected to produce essentially the same therapeutic outcome and toxicity.
What is dose equivalent?
Dose equivalent (HT) means the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest. The units of dose equivalent are the sievert (Sv) and rem.
What is equivalent security?
Equivalent Security means any Security issued by the same entity as the issuer of a subject Security, including options, rights, stock appreciation rights, warrants, preferred stock, restricted stock, phantom stock, bonds, and other obligations of that company or Security otherwise convertible into that Security. Options on Securities are included even if, technically, they are issued by the Options Clearing Corporation or a similar entity.
What is an animal unit?
Animal unit means a unit of measure used to compare differences in the production of animal manure and set forth in Minn. R. 7020.0300, subp. 5.
Plant-pollinator relationships
One example of functional equivalence is demonstrated in plant-pollinator relationships, whereby a certain plant species may evolve flower morphology that selects for pollination by a host of taxonomically-unrelated species to provide the same function (fruit production following pollination).
Plant-animal seed dispersal mechanisms
Plant-animal interactions in terms of seed dispersal are another example of functional equivalence. Evidence has shown that, over the course of millions of years, most plants have maintained evolutionary trait stability in terms of the size and shape of their fruits.
Metabolite production
Another instance is the analogous evolution of plant metabolite production as a response to herbivory. In this case, different plant species have evolved different mechanisms of chemical repellant to herbivores, yet each response provides the same function – resistance to herbivory.
Symbiotic relationships
Numerous instances of functional equivalence may exist within microbial symbionts and their associated host. Some examples of these include the large diversity of microbes within termite digestive tracts and the human gut microbiome.
Functional equivalency and biodiversity
Recently, biologists have used the idea of functional equivalency, sometimes referred to as functional redundancy, to make predictions about how to best manage ecosystems and their microcosms. It is a common misconception that high degrees of taxonomic diversity within an ecosystem will ultimately result in a healthier, highly functional system.
Skepticism
Some biologists have questioned the importance of the functional equivalence theory. For example, Loreau points out that, in actual testing of functional equivalency, it is hard to draw concise conclusions as to whether or not the theory is sound due to the complexity and oversimplification of the theory itself.
What is functional equivalent?
definition. Functionally equivalent means positions which are generally similar in role, duties and status and which require similar qualifications, training, skills and experience but may have different titles.
What is functionally equivalent to the series/period of record concept?
Functionally equivalent to the series/period of record concept are ‘availability records’ for a particular location-variable.
What is functional equivalence?
Functional equivalence, sometimes called dynamic equivalence or meaning based translation, is a translation method in which the translator attempts to reflect the thought of the writer in the source language rather than the words and forms. The translator will read a sentence or other unit of thought, try to understand it as well as possible, and then write that thought in the target language. The forms of the source language are not important, because they are not the same as the forms of the target language.
Is formality the same as accuracy?
It is very important to understand that the measure of “formality” is not the equivalent of the measure of accuracy. In this index, and the following index of idiom translation, the issue is the approach to translation; accuracy as such is not the issue. In order to be accurate a translator may need to stick close to the form of the source language, but on the other hand careful paraphrasing may be necessary to make the translation clear and understandable.
What is functional equivalence theory?
Its primary focus on the readers’ responses has been a revolt against the old traditions that cared only about the text, both the original and the translated version. The functional equivalence has drawn the translators’ attention from the traditional static analysis of the translation criterion to a set of dynamic and open principles. For a time functional equivalence has been the golden principle in the Chinese translation circle. Anything that is not related to functional equivalence in translation is considered theoretically weak.
What is minimal functional equivalence?
A minimal functional equivalence is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it” [2]. Anything less than this degree of equivalence is unacceptable. A maximal functional equivalence is stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it inessentially the same manner as the original readers did” [2]. This high degree of language-culture correspondence is rarely achieved except for texts only involving
Is functional equivalence text oriented?
Nevertheless, that is untrue. Fundamentally, Nida’s functional equivalence is still text-oriented. He held that while testing the adequacy of the translation it is essential to compare not only the texts of the two different languages, but also the responses of readers of the two languages. If there is much correspondence in their responses, functional equivalence is thought to be achieved. A quick glance at this may lead people to believe that this criterion is absolutely reader-oriented. But a closer look at Nida’s theory reveals that it is still text-oriented. This could be shown in Nida’s definition of translation. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” [4]. He claimed that “Translating must aim primarily at ‘reproducing the message’. To do anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator” [4]. In fact, the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message is another definition of functional equivalence. In a real sense, Nida seeks to achieve in the target language “the closest natural equivalent of the source- language message” [4]. So it is safe to say that his readers’ responses principle is still text-oriented though he also stresses the importance of readers’ responses. Whatever translation principle it might be, text must always be the prerequisite. Obviously, Nida’s “readers’ responses” principle is rather different from the readers-centered principle in reception aesthetics.
Overview
In ecology, functional equivalence (or functional redundancy) is the ecological phenomena that multiple species representing a variety of taxonomic groups can share similar, if not identical, roles in ecosystem functionality (e.g., nitrogen fixers, algae scrapers, scavengers). This phenomenon can apply to both plant and animal taxa. The idea was originally presented in 2005 by Stephen Hubbell, a plant ecologist at the University of Georgia. This idea has led to a new par…
Plant-pollinator relationships
One example of functional equivalence is demonstrated in plant-pollinator relationships, whereby a certain plant species may evolve flower morphology that selects for pollination by a host of taxonomically-unrelated species to provide the same function (fruit production following pollination). For example, the herbaceous plant spiny madwort (Hermathophylla spinosa) grows flowers that are shaped so that taxonomically unrelated pollinators behave almost identically dur…
Plant-animal seed dispersal mechanisms
Plant-animal interactions in terms of seed dispersal are another example of functional equivalence. Evidence has shown that, over the course of millions of years, most plants have maintained evolutionary trait stability in terms of the size and shape of their fruits. However, the animal species that consume and disperse the seeds within the fruits have evolved physically at a faster rate than the plants they feed off of. In other words, animal species have been changing a…
Metabolite production
Another instance is the analogous evolution of plant metabolite production as a response to herbivory. In this case, different plant species have evolved different mechanisms of chemical repellant to herbivores, yet each response provides the same function – resistance to herbivory. In some cases, plants living in completely different environments (geographic separation) and that are not taxonomically related can evolve different metabolites that provide the same function to t…
Symbiotic relationships
Numerous instances of functional equivalence may exist within microbial symbionts and their associated host. Some examples of these include the large diversity of microbes within termite digestive tracts and the human gut microbiome. In these environments, a vast array of taxonomically diverse organisms provide the function of food digestion and cellulose breakdown. These microbial organisms most likely evolved under similar conditions but at different points in t…
Functional equivalency and biodiversity
Recently, biologists have used the idea of functional equivalency, sometimes referred to as functional redundancy, to make predictions about how to best manage ecosystems and their microcosms. It is a common misconception that high degrees of taxonomic diversity within an ecosystem will ultimately result in a healthier, highly functional system. For example, an ecological microcosm consisting of 30 species of legume plants (which add fixed nitrogen to the soil) is only …
Skepticism
Some biologists have questioned the importance of the functional equivalence theory. For example, Loreau points out that, in actual testing of functional equivalency, it is hard to draw concise conclusions as to whether or not the theory is sound due to the complexity and oversimplification of the theory itself. For example, many studies testing the effects of species loss and functional redundancy rarely address the ambiguity of whether or not functionality is acting …
See also
• Unified neutral theory of biodiversity